Introduction
- Class 9 history chapter 2 socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution notes
- Important questions of socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution
- socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution class 9 Ncert solutions
Topics we are going to cover
- Class 9 history chapter 2 socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution notes
- Important Terms in History Class 9 Chapter 2
- Class 9th History Chapter 2 important question comes in exams
- Class 9th History Chapter 2 important question comes in exams
- socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution class 9 Ncert solutions
- Important questions of socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution
Class 9 history chapter 2 socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution notes
- After the french revolution many social and political changes took place all over Europe
- But everyone was not ready to completely change the European society
- Based on the views, the people had on for the need to change the where they were classified into three groups namely:-
- Liberals
- Radicals
- Conservatives
- Liberals were one of the groups of people who sought to change European society.
- They wanted a nation that tolerated (equally treated) all religions.
- They also opposed the uncontrolled powers of the dynastic rulers. (Kings&Queens)
- They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against the government.
- They argued for a parliamentary form of government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary independent of rulers and officials.
- They did not believe in universal adult franchise i.e. the right of every citizen to vote
- They felt that men with property mainly should have the vote.
- They also did not want the vote for women i.e. they did not support the women suffragette movement.
- Radicals wanted a nation in which the government was based on the majority of a country's population.
- Many of them supported the women's suffragette movement. (movement for women's right to vote )
- Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.
- They were not against the existence of private property but disliked the existence of property in the hands of a few.
- In contrast, the conservatives were opposed to liberals and radicals.
- However, after the French revolution, even the conservatives had opened their mind to the need to change.
- By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some changes were inevitable (unstoppable), but believed that the past had to be respected and the change to be brought through a slow process.
- It brought men women and children to factories.
- work hours were often long and wages were poor.
- Housing and sanitation were problems since towns were growing rapidly.
- Almost all industries were the private property of individuals.
- Liberals and Radicals themselves were property owners and employers.
- Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian nationalist who conspired with others to make Italy a nation where all citizens would have equal rights.
- By mid 19th century socialist ideas spread through Europe.
- Socialists were against private property and saw it as the root of all causes
How could a society without property operate? Who would control all the property then?
socialists believed in the ideas of Cooperatives.
►Cooperatives → were groups where the property was controlled socially and profit was divided according to the work done.
►Robert Owen → He was an English manufacturer who sought to build a cooperative society called New Harmony in Indiana (USA).
 |
| ROBERT OWEN |
Many felt that the government should encourage cooperatives
for instance, Louis Blanc wanted the government should encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises.
â–ºKarl Marx & Friedrich Engels (Very Important)
 |
| KARL MARX (jholi baba) |
- Marx argued that industrial society was capitalists, Capitalists owned all the capital invested in the factories but the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.
- The conditions of workers could not improve as long as this profit was accommodated by private capitalists
- Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all the property was socially controlled.
- He was convinced that workers would triumph in their conflict with capitalists
- Communist society was the natural society of the future.
- To coordinate their efforts, socialists formed an international body, namely The Second International.
- Workers in England and Germany began forming associations to fight for better living and working conditions.
- They demanded a reduction in working hours and the right to vote.
- In Germany, these associations worked closely with the Social Democratic Party(SPD).
â– The Russian Revolution.
- Socialists took over the government in Russia through the October revolution of 1917.
- The fall of the monarchy in February 1917 and events of October are normally called the Russian Revolution.
In 1914, Tsar Nicolas II ruled Russia.
 |
| Tsar bhaiya |
- The Russian Empire included current day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Estonia, and parts of Poland.
- The majority religion was Russian Orthodox Christianity
- The Empire also included Catholics, Protestants, and Buddhists.
- At the beginning of the 20th-century vast majority of Russia's population were agriculturists.
- 85% of the population earned their living from agriculture
- Cultivators produced for the market as well as for self-consumption. Russia was a major exporter of grains
- Industries were found in pockets, prominent industrial areas were St Petersburg and Moscow.
- Large factories existed alongside craft workshops.
- Many factories were set up when Russia's railway network extended in the 1980s and foreign investment in industry increased.
- Most industries were private properties of industrialists
- The government ensured minimum wages and limited hours of work.
But factory inspectors could not prevent the rules been broken.
large factories →10 to 12 hours
- Workers were a divided social group.
- Some had strong links with the villages, they from came others had permanently settled in the cities.
- Workers were also divided by skill.
- By 1914, women made up 31 percent of the Labour workforce but they were paid less than men.
- Divisions among laborers showed in dress and manners too.
- Same formed associations to help its members during unemployment or financial hardships but these were few.
- Despite divisions, workers did unite to strike work when they disagreed with employers.
- They had no respect for the nobility
- They wanted the land of the peasants to be transferred to them.
- Frequently, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.
- They pooled(collected) their land together periodically and their commune( Chief of the community) divided it according to the need of individual families.
- All parties in Russia were illegal before1914.
- The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx's ideas.
- Russian socialists believed the peasant's custom of dividing land periodically made them natural socialists.
- They formed the socialist revolutionary party in 1900
- Social Democratic disagreed with Social Revolutionaries about peasants
- Lenin felt that peasants were not one united group some were rich some poor, some landless some wealthy landowners.
- Russia was an autocracy (A type of government in which all the power is in hands of one person).
- Liberals, Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries, workers, and peasants worked. together to demand a constitution during the 1905 revolution.
- In Muslim - dominated areas they were supported by jihadists.
Bloody Sunday
 |
| Bloody Sunday |
- The year One 1904 was particularly bad for Russian Workers.
- prices of essential goods rose so quickly that the real wages declined by 20%
- Over the next four days, over 110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction of working hours and better working conditions.
- The procession of workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter palace (King's residence); they were attacked by police and cossacks.
- Over 100 workers were killed and 300 wounded.
- This incident was known as Bloody Sunday, it started a series of events known as the 1905 revolution.
- Lawyers, doctors, Engineers, and other middle-class workers established the Union of Unions and demanded a constituent assembly.
 |
| Father Gapon |
Establishment of Duma
Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma
â–¼
He dismissed the First Duma within 75 days and a second one within 3 months
â–¼
He changed the voting rights and packed the third duma with conservatives politicians
The First World War & the Russian Empire
The Allied Powers France,
Britain and Russia
V/S
The Central Powers.
Germany, Austria, Turkey
- The war was initially popular and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas - II
- As the war continued, the tsar refused to consult the main parties in Duma.
- As a result, support wore thin
- Anti-German sentiments ran high, as can be seen in remaining of St Petersburg a German name as Petrograd
- The Tsarina Alexandra's German origin and the poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular.
 |
| Tsarina Alexandra ji |
 |
| Rasputin(katai darawne ho rahe ye to ) |
- The War also had a severe impact on the industry.
- Russia's own. The industry was few in number and the country was cut off from the foreign suppliers due to German control over the Baltic sea.
- Industrial equipment disintegrated. more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe.
- By 1916 railway lines began to breakdown
- Able-bodied men were called up to the war as the result there were labour shortages. and the workshops providing essential groups were shut down.
- Large supplies of grains were sent to feed the army
In the winter of 1917, conditions in the capital, Petrograd were grim. ( unpleasant on worrying)
In 1917 February, Food shortages were deeply felt in workers' quarters.
The Parliamentarians wanted the elected government to continue whereas, Tsar wanted to dissolve the Duma.
On 22nd February, a lockout took place at a factory on the right bank. The next day, 50 more factories called up a strike in sympathy.
- Many factories were led by women, so this came to be known as International Women's Day. (23 Feb)
- The government imposed a curfew as the workers surrounded the fashionable areas and official buildings.
- They dispersed but came back on 24 and 25 then the government called out the cavalry.. and police.
- On Sunday, 25 February the government. suspended the duma.
- Politicians shake out against this action.
- Demonstrators returned in force to the streets on the 26th.
- On 27th Police Headquarters were attacked and damaged
- Workers raised slogans for better bread, wages, and democracy.
An officer was shot by the regiment. 3 other regiments revolted and joined the worker
The cavalry also joined then and they all jointly formed a SOVIET COUNCIL
Ending Monarchy
The next day, a delegation went to see the tsar.
On the advice of some military commanders, the Tsar resigned from the throne.
Phir kya hua ? Russia ko kisne sambhala?
Provisional Government
- Soviet leaders and Duma leaders together formed a Provisional Government.
- Russia's future was decided by a Constituent Assembly based on universal adult suffrage.
- Monarchy was brought down by the Petrograd Soviet in February 1917.
After February [ Lenin chacha is back ]
- Army officials, landowners, and industrialists played an important role in the Provisional government.
- Liberals and Socialists worked for the government.
- Restrictions on elected public meetings and associations were removed.
- Vladimir Lenin, Bolshevik leader, returned to Russia from exile.
- He felt that now was the time for the Soviets to take power.
[ Lenin chacha = Ab apun raaj karega]
Lenin gave his April theses in which he made 3 demands:-
- The war is to be brought to an end.
- The land was to be transferred to the peasants.
- The banks to be nationalized.
 |
| Lenin chacha(more like shakuni mama) |
[Lenin Chacha - Let the Revolution begin]
Workers revolution and its effects
- The worker's movement spread throughout the summer.
- Factory committees were formed in industrial areas
- Soldiers' committees were formed in the army.
- 500 soviets sent their representatives to the All Russian Congress of Soviets.
- As the Provisional government saw that its power reduced and Bolshevik influence grew. They resisted attempts of workers to run many factories and arrested leaders.
- Popular demonstrations staged by Bolsheviks were strictly repressed.
[Provisional Government wale bhi apni, power bachane ke liye galat cheeze karne lage ]
Conditions of countryside
- In the countryside, peasants and their socialist revolutionary leaders pressed for a redistribution of land.
- Land committees were formed.
- All the land was seized between July and September 1917 by the peasants.
The October Revolution.
The conflict between the Provisional Government and Bolsheviks was rising.
This made Lenin persuade the Petrograd soviet and the Bolshevik party to capture power.
On the 16th of October, he united the supporters from the army. Soviets (groups)
and factories for socialist capture of power.
They together appointed the Military Revolutionary Party under Leon Trotsky to organize the capture.
 |
| Leon Trotsky |
The date was kept a secret.
The Revolt begins
The uprising started on 24th October 1917
Kerensky, Prime Minister left the city to summon troops in fear
Till evening loyal military men of the government had seized buildings of the Bolshevik's newspapers.
Pro-government troops were sent to take over telephone 4 telegraph officers and protect the winter palace.
Bad me, Military Revolutionary Party ordered its supporters to seize government offices and arrest ministers.
Elections for constituent Assembly
[Yaha tumhe laparvahi ka nateeja dekhne ko milega…]
The Bolsheviks thought if elections were conducted they would win with a majority.
So, the bolsheviks conducted the elections to the constituent Assembly, But... but.... they failed to get majority support.
In January 1918, the assembly rejected Bolshevik's measures.
[Is baat ne apne Lenin Chacha ka ego hurt kar diya.]
Lenin chacha be like :-
Lenin chacha dismissed the assembly
He believed that the All Russian Congress of Soviets was more democratic than the assembly.
Creation of Soviet Union
[Bolsheviks established a dictatorship]
In March 1918 (After the end of World War I) the bolsheviks entered into a treaty.with Germany at Brest Litovsk.
They became the only party to participate in elections to the All Russian Congress of soviets which was the parliament.
Russia became a one-party state.
The secret police (Cheko first and later, OGRO and NKVD) punished those who criticized the Bolsheviks.
Many young writers opposed the party because it stood for socialism and change
The Civil War (Captain America wali nahi bhaiya)
The decision to redistribute land caused the breakup of the army.
The peasants in the army wanted to go back to their villages.
Whites - the people who supported Tsar.
Greens - Socialist Revolutionaries.
Reds - Bolsheviks.
During 1918 and 1919
The Whites and greens controlled most of Russia and were American. backed. by French, British and Japanese troops.
Non-Bolsheviks took harsh steps against the peasants which made them unpopular
The bolsheviks took the help of the non-Russian nationalists and jihadists.
Bolsheviks took control over most of the Russian empire by 1920.
Most non-Russian nationalists were given political autonomy in the USSR (The state created by the Bolsheviks in 1922)
Making a socialist society
Banks and Industries were kept nationalized during the civil war.
Centralized planning
Officials made five-year plans for economic improvement.
During the first two five-year plans (1924-1932 and 1932-1938) prices of all the goods were fixed by the government.
Centralized planning led to economic growth.
100% growth in case of oil, coal & steel
Status of Workers [WhatsApp wala nahi re baba]
The working conditions of workers were not good due to rapid construction.
They did not have even basic facilities like toilets, health care, etc.
Steps to improve their condition
An extended schooling system was developed and arrangements were made for factory workers & peasants to enter universities.
Creches (Jaha tum kaam karte time apne balko ko chod sakte ho) were set up for children of women workers in factories.
Cheap public health care was provided:
Model living quarters were made for workers.
But the effect was uneven since government resources were limited.
Stalinism and Collectivisation
After the death of Lenin Chacha in January 1924 the leadership of "The Soviet Communist Party was transferred from Davietalin to Stalin.
By 1927-28 the towns in Russia were facing acute grain shortages.
the peasants refused to sell their grains at fixed prices.
Stalin chacha believed that rich peasants were handing stocks of grains in hope of high prices.
So, Stalin introduced the collectivization of Soviet agriculture.
A large majority of peasants were brought into collective and state farms.
The party members toured the grain-producing areas, supervising enforced grain collections and raiding the kulaks (Bade log; The large farmers)
It was believed that to increase crop yield, kulaks had to be terminated and establish large state-controlled farms.
Stalin chacha's policies
From 1929, the communist party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective forms, known as kolkhoz.
Peasants worked on lands and the profit of the collective farms was distributed among all.
Those who opposed collectivization were severely punished; many were deported and excited.
Deported → Forcibly removed from one's country.
Excited → Forced is living away from one's country.
The bad harvest of 1930-1933 led to one of the most devastating famines in which 40 lakh people died.
Me to Stalin chacha
Those who criticized Stalin's policies were charged with conspiracy against socialism.
By 1939, over 2 million were imprisoned or sent to labor camps.
Global Influence of Russian Revolution and the USSR
Existing socialist parties in Europe did not approve of the way the Bolsheviks took power and kept it.
However, the possibility of a workers' state firing peoples' imaginations across the world.
In many countries, communist parties were formed, for example, the Communist Party of Great Britain.
The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial people to follow their experiment.
Many non-Russians participated in the Conference of the People of the East (1920) and Bolsheviks founded the Comintern (an international union of pro-Bolshevik socialist parties).
By the time of the outbreak of the Second World War, the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.
The USSR became a great power. Its industries and agriculture had developed and the poor were being fed.
Phir dikkat kya thi ? kyu sab unhe galat bol rhe the?
because it had denied the essential freedoms to its citizens and adopted repressive policies for its developmental projects.
By the end of the 20th century, the international reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had declined,
though it was recognized that socialist ideals still enjoyed respect among its people.
In each country, the ideas of socialism were rethought in a variety of different ways.
Important Dates in History Class 9 Chapter 2
Important Terms in History Class 9 Chapter 2
Bolsheviks - The majority group of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party led by Lenin based on the ideology of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Mensheviks - The minority group of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party formed in 1898. They favored a parliamentary model of government ke that of Britain and France.
Autocracy - A country that is ruled by one person who has complete power.
Jadidists - Muslim reformers within the Russian empire.
Real wages - Reflects the quantities of goods that the wages will actually buy.
Cossacks - A group of predominantly East Slavic people who were members of democratic, semi-military communities in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
Duma - The Russian Parliament or Legislature. Its members were elected and charged with the responsibility of making laws.
Political Autonomy - The right to govern themselves.
Nomadism - Lifestyle of those who do not live in one place, but move from area to area to earn their living
Kulaks - The name for well-to-do-peasants.
Deported - Forcibly removed from one's own country.
Exiled - Forced to live away from one's own country.
Class 9th History Chapter 2 important question comes in exams
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socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution class 9 Ncert solutions
Question
What were the social, economic, and political conditions in Russia before 1905?
Answer
Social conditions Russian society was divided into three classes: the clergy, nobility, and the working class. Slavery was abolished in 1861, but the peasants, who constituted 85 percent of the population, had to pay heavy taxes for smallholdings.
Economic conditions After industrialization, many factories were set up by industrialists. The wages were minimum and the working hours were sometimes 15 hours a day. The condition of the workers was miserable. The state treasury was bankrupt due to heavy expenditure.
Political conditions Under the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II, the Russian empire was vast and feudal. The disastrous defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 had eroded the prestige of Tsar Nicholas II.
Question
In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
OR
Explain any five differences between the peasants of Russia and peasants of Europe.
Answer
The five differences between the peasants of Russia and peasants of Europe are
(i) About 85 percent of Russians were agriculturists. In France and Germany, the farmers were between 40 percent and 50 percent.
(ii) Industrialisation started late in Russia and industries were only found in small pockets. Workers were a divided social group and maintained strong links with the villages they had come from.
(iii) In Europe, the Industrial Revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one.
(iv) In Russia, sometimes the working hours for workers were 15 hours, compared with 10 or 12 hours in Europe.
(v) In France, during the French Revolution, the French peasants respected nobles and also fought for them. But in Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles. They refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.
Question
Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Answer
The Tsarist autocracy collapsed in 1917 due to social, economic, and political reasons
Social reasons In the First World War, the defeat of the Russian army was shocking and demoralizing. There were over 7 million casualties and 3 million refugees by 1917. The rest of the population became hostile to the Isar.
Economic reasons There were labor shortages due to the participation of able-bodied men in the war, which led to the shut down of many small factories. Moreover, large quantities of grain were sent to feed the army. For the people in cities, bread and flour became expensive and scarce. This scarcity led to riots at bread shops. People became very dissatisfied with the policies of the Tsar.
Political reasons Tsar Nicholas II was an autocratic, inefficient, and weak ruler who believed in the divine rights of the king. The bureaucracy got special rights and privileges, but the general public got none. Moreover, the Tsar had built a vast empire and imposed the Russian language and culture on diverse nationalities. A large section of the Russian empire became hostile to the Tsar and his corrupt bureaucracy. All these factors led to the discredit of the government and brought about the end of Tsarist autocracy.
Question
Make two lists: One with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each and who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Soviet history.
Answer
Events and Effects of the February Revolution
(i) 22nd February 1917 Lockout of a factory on the right bank of the Neva river. The next day, the workers of 50 factories went on strike in sympathy.
(ii) 24th and 25th February Demonstrators came back on the streets and were dispersed by imposing a curfew.
(iii) 25th February The government suspended the Duma. Politicians criticized the measure.
(iv) 26th February Demonstrators returned in force to the streets.
(v) 27th February Workers ransacked the Police Headquarters.
(vi) 2nd March The Tsar gave up his throne. Soviet
leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provincial Government to run the country, No political party was actively organizing the February Revolution. Men and women workers were involved in this movement who were supported by the soldiers.
Events and Effects of the October Revolution
(i) 16th October 1917 Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. It led to the formation of a Military Revolutionary Committee for the seizure of power.
(ii) 24th October Uprising began. The buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers were seized by the military men loyal to the government.
(iii) On the same day, Pro-government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace.
(iv) Responding to the government's action, the Military Revolutionary Committee seized the government offices and arrested the ministers.
(v) The navy played a significant role in the assault on the Winter Palace.
(vi) The revolutionaries took over different military points.
Question
What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Answer
The Bolsheviks opposed private properties; thus they nationalized most industries and banks. Lands of the clergy and nobility were seized and the land was declared state property. In cities, the large houses were partitioned to accommodate other families.
The use of old titles of the aristocracy was banned. To assert the social change, new uniforms, e.g. Soviet hats, were designed for the army and the officials. The Bolshevik Party renamed itself the Russian Communist Party. Russia became a one-party state.
All Russian Congress of Soviets became the Parliament of the country. Trade unions were kept under party control. The secret police kept vigilance on citizens and punished those who criticized the Bolsheviks.
Question
Write a few lines to show what you know about
- Kulaks
- The Duma
- Women Workers between 1900 and 1930
- The Liberals
- Stalin's Collectivisation Programme
Answer
Kulaks Kulak is the Russian name for well-to-do peasants. In 1927-1928, Stalin took the decision to develop modern farms and run them along industrial lines. For this purpose, it was necessary to eliminate kulaks. Many kulaks' properties were raided.
Under Stalin's Collectivisation Programme, the land of kulaks was taken away and converted into large modern farms. This program was severely resisted by the kulaks. Many of them destroyed their livestock. Those who resisted collectivization were punished; many kulaks were deported and exiled.
The Duma The Duma was the elected consultative Parliament set up after the Revolution of 1905. Its members were charged with the responsibility of making laws. The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and re-elected the second Duma within 3 months.
The Tsar did not want any questioning of his power. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. Finally, in February 1917, the Duma was suspended. Many members of the Duma became a part of the Provisional Government.
Women Workers between 1900 and 1930 In Russia, women workers constituted 31 percent of the factory labor force. They were paid less than their men counterparts. In most of the factories, they were paid between half and three-quarters of a men's wage. During the February Revolution (23rd February 1917), women led the way to strikes in many factories.
The Liberals One of the groups which looked to change society was the liberals. They were opposed to the uncontrolled power of the dynastic rulers. They preferred religious tolerance and wanted to safeguard individual rights. They favored a parliamentary system of government and an independent judiciary.
They did not believe in the universal adult franchise. They wanted voting rights to be restricted to men of the property only.
Stalin's Collectivisation Programme
In 1927-1928, Soviet Russia was facing an acute problem of grain supplies. The peasants refused to sell the grains at the price fixed by the government. Stalin believed that the peasants had surplus grain, but were holding it back, expecting higher prices. So, he introduced the concept of collective farms (kolkhoz). To develop these farms, it was necessary to eliminate kulaks, take away land from peasants and establish state-controlled large farms.
From 1929, all peasants were forced to work in kolkhoz The kolkhoz profit was shared by all the peasants who worked on the land. Those who resisted collectivization were severely punished. Stalin's government allowed some independent cultivation but treated such peasants unsympathetically.
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Important questions of socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution
Most Important Multiple Choice Questions of socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution
Q1 Suffragette Movement means a movement to give women the right to
- Vote
- equality
- property
- None of these
Q2 Identify the political party of the Russian Revolution with the given clues.
- They nationalized the banks and industries in November 1917.
- They banned the old title of the aristocracy.
- They were totally opposed to private property.
- Social Democratic Party
- Bolsheviks
- Mensheviks
- Socialist Revolutionary Party
Q3 Which of the following dates/period is correctly matched with the event?
- In November 1917 - The Bolsheviks conducted the elections to the Constituent Assembly
- During 1915-19 - The 'greens' (Socialist Revolutionaries) and 'white' (pro-Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire.
- January 1920 - The Bolsheviks controlled most of the former Russian empire.
- February Revolution of 1917 - Socialists took over the government in Russia.
Q4 At the beginning of the twentieth century, the vast majority of Russia's people were
- agriculturists
- industrialists
- teachers
- lawyers
Q5 Name the typical Soviet hat worn by the soldier in the picture.
- Budeonovka
- Fedora
- Tril by
- Snapback
Q6 Workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. Name the philosopher who had this view.
- Robert Owen
- Louis Blanc
- Karl Marx
- John Locke
Q7 In which year, the Labor Party was formed in Britain?
- In 1904
- In 1905
- In 1902
- In 1900
Q8 The most important work of the Bolsheviks during the Civil War is
- Nationalisation of industries
- Nationalization of banks
- Five-year plans
- All of these
Q9 When did the most devastating famines occur in Soviet history?
- 1920-22
- 1922-24
- 1930-33
- 1940-42
Q10 Which of the following is not correct? Select the option
- In 1924, Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia and its empire.
- All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.
- Socialist Democratic Party was formed in 1990.
- During the Russian Revolution, an elected parliament called the ‘Duma’ was formed.
Very Important Short answer type Questions of socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution
Q1 Who were the socialists in 19th century Europe? Explain their ideas.
Q2 Why were socialists active in the countryside? Give three reasons.
Q3 Describe the incident known as ‘Bloody Sunday’. State any two events after the Bloody Sunday which led to the Revolution of 1905 in Russia.
Q4 What do you mean by the reds, greens, and whites in the context of Russia? How did people in Central Asia respond to the Russian Revolution?
Q5 Analyse the reason for Stalin’s unpopularity in the Soviet Union.
Q6 How were socialist parties formed in various parts of the world?
Q7 To what extent was Russian participation in the First World War responsible for the Russian Revolution in 1917?
Q8 What kind of members were incorporated in the Duma under the Tsar in Russia?
Q9 Why groups of workers were regarded as aristocrats among workers?
Q10 State any three measures are taken by the Provisional Government to suppress the Bolshevik influence.
Most Important Long answer type Questions of socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution
Q1 In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
Q2 What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Q3 What were the main causes of the civil war between the Bolsheviks and the Russian army, the non-Bolshevik socialist?
Q4 Explain how a socialist society was established in Russia.
Q6 State the main events occurring between the February Revolution in Petrograd and the October Revolution.
Q7 What changes were brought about by the Bolsheviks to implement their ideology after Lenin took over?
Q8 What were the effects of the Russian Revolution on the world?
Very Important Map-Based Questions of socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution
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FAQ (Frequently asked questions)
Bolsheviks - The majority group of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party led by Lenin based on the ideology of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Mensheviks - The minority group of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party formed in 1898. They favored a parliamentary model of government ke that of Britain and France.
Autocracy - A country that is ruled by one person who has complete power.
Jadidists - Muslim reformers within the Russian empire.
Real wages - Reflects the quantities of goods that the wages will actually buy.
Cossacks - A group of predominantly East Slavic people who were members of democratic, semi-military communities in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
Duma - The Russian Parliament or Legislature. Its members were elected and charged with the responsibility of making laws.
Political Autonomy - The right to govern themselves.
Nomadism - Lifestyle of those who do not live in one place, but move from area to area to earn their living
Kulaks - The name for well-to-do-peasants.
Deported - Forcibly removed from one's own country.
Exiled - Forced to live away from one's own country.
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- Is the chapter socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution hard?
- How many marks did you score in the term 1 examinations?
- Are you planning to get ready to face the term 2 exam papers that are in subjective form? If yes, what are the tips you are following?
The notes made the chapter really easy anf fun to learn...the question answers and the important dates were really helpful to cover the full chapter
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